Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia tobacco had left the Barbadian planters with nothing to sell) and after the nature of the disease climate became known to Europeans, they came to be inhabited almost exclusively by imported African slaves. 1522. A., 34 slaves, Harris page 2o2B, PERSON, Willie M., 31 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PIERCE?, Archd. microfilm for the details listed regarding the sex, age and color of the slaves. Available for all Georgia counties. If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. D., 36 slaves, Franklinton page 183B, STAMPER, M. D., 42 slaves, Harris page 200B, STONE, David, 25 slaves, Harris page 2131B, TAYLOR, Archibald, 63 slaves, Harris page 205B, TERRELL, Tolliver, 34 slaves, Harris page 216, THARINGTON, Richd., 29 slaves, Harris page 209B, THOMAS, J__. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 changed the situation, and thereafter cotton culture created a huge demand for slaves, especially after the opening of the New South (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas). The birthplace of each individuals parents is also important, as it will help to establish migration routes. Nor can these maps express anything of the pain of the whip or the escape to freedom, of the exhaustion of labor or the sounds of preaching and shouting at a religious gathering: for that one must read any of scores of excellent histories. (This is all the more remarkable since many slaves fled to the British during the Revolutionary War.) The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. The proportions of slaves on the islands ranged from more than a third in Cuba, which went into the sugar and gang labour business on a large scale only after the local planters had gained control in 1789, to 90 percent and more on Jamaica in 1730, Antigua in 1775, and Grenada up to 1834. Uzzle? Owner Franklinton NC, Wm . available through Heritage Quest at. African American slaves were first enumerated in the U.S. Federal Census in 1850 in a separate census called Slave Schedules. Senegambia: The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. The term "County" is used to describe the main subdivisions of the State by which the term "slaveholder" rather than "slave owner", so that questions of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household - Enlarged 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. accounting for 4,162 slaves, or about 59% of the County total. Check the microfilm card catalog under Executive Dept. K., 20 slaves, Harris page 219, EDGERTON, Charles J., 47 slaves, Galloway page 189, FOSTER, Dr. P. Get full access to all features within our Business Solutions. The last column shows the what percentage of the total U.S. population were enslaved. Initially slaves were imported because of a labour shortage, aggravated by the high death rate of the indigenous population after the introduction of European diseases in the early 16th century. of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be addressed in this transcription. By 1870, freedmen and whites produced as much cotton as the South produced in the slave time of 1860. Morrow, GA 30260 before.). listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 Web1521. WebSUMMARY. lots of duplication of plantation names. The free white population in the North grew in already settled places and spread to the West. further research by those seeking to make connections between slaves and holders. WebThis was an increase of 35.4 percent over the 23,069,876 persons enumerated during the 1850 census. Initially, however, the English relied for their dependent labour primarily on indentured servants from the mother country. with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires It is possible to locate a free person on the Edgefield (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/16-17) This microfilm publication reproduces six volumes of correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy relating to African colonization, January 5, 1819-May 29, 1844. Using plantation State Records Executive Department (RG 1) Governors Letter Books, 1786-1897, RG 1-1-1: Among other subjects, these books indicate problems with the illegal importation of slaves and runaway slaves. At a glance, the viewer could see the large-scale patterns of the economic system that kept nearly 4 million people in bondage: slavery was concentrated along the Chesapeake Bay and in eastern Virginia; along the South Carolina and Georgia coasts; in a crescent of lands in Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi; and most of all, in the Mississippi River Valley. Take for example, Charleston County, South Carolina. R. Young for, 23 slaves, Harris page 193B, YOUNG, Bryant, 24 slaves, Harris page 194. WebDistribution of Slaves in 1860 In 1861, in an attempt to raise money for sick and wounded soldiers, the Census Office produced and sold a map that showed the population Privacy Policy. if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, including If the Archives does not have the city or time period in which you are interested, be sure to check at the local public library. such age enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves. PLANTATION NAMES. This animation shows the percentage of the population enslaved from 1790 to 1860. Copyright 2003-2023 Reinette Jones & University of Kentucky Libraries. These owners accounted for 33% of the total number of enslaved people. Copies of a few documents of later date (August 18, 1856-September 8, 1858) are included. According to the authoritative SlaveVoyages.org, the total number of black slaves imported from Africa into America was 305,326. Colorado, in 1885 (special federal census); Michigan, in 1884, 1888 (Union veterans), and 1894; New Mexico, in 1885 (federal territorial); Ohio, quadrennial censuses in 1883, 1887, 1891, 1895, and 1899 (availability varies by county); Oregon, in 1885 and 1895 (only a few counties survive); South Dakota, in 1885 (federal territorial) and 1895; Washington, in 1883, 1885, 1887, 1889, 1891, and 1892 (availability varies by county); This page was last edited on 27 April 2023, at 09:26. City Directories: Available mainly for Atlanta (1853-1990), but a few are available for other cities in Georgia. Senr., 58 slaves, page 421B, HOLLINGSWORTH, J. H., 59 slaves, page 453, HOLLINGSWORTH, Mrs. B., 91 slaves, page 460, JENNINGS, Dr. W. D., 48 slaves, page 510B, MCKIE, Mary E. and one other, 47 slaves, page 495, MEREWETHER, Dr. S. G., 50 slaves, page 496, MERRIWEATHER, Dr. N., 49 slaves, page 495B, MIMS, Dr. R. J., C. M. Gray agent for, 48 slaves, page 513B, MIMS, Dr. E. J., Mathis agent for, 56 slaves, page 515, NIEHLEMAN?, Mrs. E. J., 57 slaves, page 449, PICKENS, F. W., W. B. Martin agent for, 84 slaves, page 513, SEARING, A. L., M. A. Selack for, 96 slaves, page 391B, SEARLS, T. Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind Slaves 100 years of age or older were Terms of Use Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. Browser, which is a very detailed, searchable and highly recommended database that can found at By 1680 in Barbados the average plantation had about 60 slaves, and in Jamaica in 1832 about 150. WebThe U.S. Census Bureau counts the number of people living in the United States every 10 years. Please do not hesitate to contact me. A striking way to see the importance of slavery is to look at a map of the total free population: a photo negative, if you will, of slavery. U.S. Adjutant Generals Office: The Negro in the Military Service of the United States, 1639-1886. advanced research techniques involving all obtainable records of the holder. Free Persons of Color Registers, 1780-1865: Registers usually include name, age, occupation (sometimes), property, and white sponsor. Cotton could be grown profitably on smaller plots than could sugar, with the result that in 1860 the average cotton plantation had only about 35 slaves, not all of whom produced cotton. Available on the Virtual Vault in File II Subjects and Counties. During the reign of King Cotton, about 40 percent of the Southern population consisted of Black slaves; the percentage of slaves rose as high as 64 percent in South Carolina in 1720 and 55 percent in Mississippi in 1810 and 1860. Racially WebIn 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia All males between the ages of 21 and 60 had to pay a poll tax or head tax. Georgia Archives File II Counties, Subjects, and Name,s RG 4-2-46. U.S. Bureau of the Census: Population Schedules, 1870-1940. In Brazil, where sugar had been tried even before its planting in the Caribbean, the coffee bush was imported from Arabia or Ethiopia via Indonesia, and it had an impact similar to that of sugar in the Caribbean. Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data But they do give a large overview of the forced labor system which made the nation "half slave and half free.". Your Privacy Rights slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. In these directories, there are alphabetical and geographic listings of residents, with the race of the individual noted. D., 50 slaves, Harris page 207, WILLIAMS, Wm. When looking at all of these maps together, it's noticable that even as the total number of enslaved peoples in the United States increased between 1790 and 1860, the multitudes were dispersed across the increasing expanse of the United States, rather than becoming more concentrated in areas where slavery was well established. The actual number of slaveholders may be slightly This information is a vital part of researching African Americans, especially those who had been enslaved prior to the Civil War. Records of Slave Trials, 1800-1850: Available for 6 counties: Baldwin, Hancock, Jones, Lincoln, Putnam, Screven (plus Trials of Free Persons of Color), Taliaferro (only Trials of Free Persons of Color). The Archives has books and periodicals on a wide range of subjects in Georgia History. slaveholders. An Ms. SUSAN CARTER (Editor, "Historical Statistics of the United States"): A lot of these datas that are presented in those five volumes, they were collected and presented here because they answer a question that's relevant to American history today. the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own ", Slave Voyages, Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/ (last visited May 01, 2023), Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 [Graph], Slave Voyages, January 1, 2020. This interactive map and the Census data on which it is based can hardly show most of what should be known about slavery. The U.S. Census is usually the starting point for any genealogical research, as (theoretically) all residents of the United States were counted or enumerated. on page 473B and 103 year old male Lewis, County? 5800 Jonesboro Road By the 1870 their ancestor was one of the larger slaveholders in the County. The actual number of slaveholders may be So these are the sorts of things that happen all the time in historical research. As Abraham Lincoln put it in is 1858 "House Divided" speech: "Either the opponents of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as South.". Some examples of newspapers available are Voice of the People, 1901-1904, a newspaper published in Atlanta by Bishop Henry McNeal Turner as the monthly organ of the Colored National Emigration Association (Georgia Archives Microfilm #60/22); and The Athens Blade, 1879-1880, which published religious and social news about blacks in Athens and some surrounding counties. O., 45 slaves, Galloway page 186B, HARRIS, Cyrus, 25 slaves, Harris page 195, HARRIS, James, 24 slaves, Galloway page 186B, HARRIS, Samuel, 53 slaves, Harris page 192, HARRIS, Wm. Slave Voyages. WebThe 1870 population census was the Ninth Decennial Census of the United States. Slave imports to the islands of the Caribbean began in the early 16th century. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and Use the now-familiar process to attempt to locate your ancestor by name in the 1860 population schedule. Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county and Superior Court Minutes. Are you interested in testing our business solutions? MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin So at the 1870 census a black man who reported he could not read or write by 1880 was now reporting that he could read and write. Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. and 1870, so likely that is where many went. American ancestor with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link 24,000 between 1860 and 1870, so possibly that is where some went, even though the overall Richard Sutch and Susan Carter are the editors of a new five-volume work called Historical Statistics of the United States. Records from these courts are available for 54 counties. 25,000 (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). And what they found was not that the Tuskegee figures were wrong, but that the Tuskegee figures were essentially correct, and this amazed some people because the Tuskegee figures were showing that there were as many as 120, 150 lynchings per year in the southern United States. Around 1800 about half the population of Brazil consisted of slaves, but that percentage declined to about 33 percent in 1850 and to 15 percent after the shutting off of imports around 1850 combined with free immigration to raise the proportion of Europeans. the source or at the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. used the surname of a former owner in 1870, vary widely and from region to region. but no locality was shown for the holders on the other pages. Ancestry.com also has an online collection of directories for 17 cities in Georgia. " The data map was an instrument of government, as well as a new technology for representing knowledge. Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. interpretation questions and inconsistent counting and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested "The History Guy" is a Registered Trademark. The collections are indexed by main entry, by geographic location, by subject, by chronological dates, and by the types of forms used (such as diaries, ledgers, etc.). Due to variable film quality, handwriting If you cannot find your family in 1870, try looking for their given names rather than just the surname. and living in County), WILLIAMS, 28865, 2061, 54, 2969, 1967, 53. County? At the beginning of the 1600s, enslaved people for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were captured in Senegambia and the Windward Coast. 2023 historyguy.com. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County % of the total number of U.S. slaveholders, or 1 out of 7,000 free persons, held 20-30% of the total number of slaves in the obtained using Heritage Quests CD African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census, colored persons from Edgefield County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); 2 Rolls. In 15 counties there was a total of 92 owners of 20 or more enslaved people. A.?, 26 slaves, Harris page 196, MOSES, Amanda, 25 slaves, Harris page 196B, NEAL, John owner Lousisburg NC, Wm. these larger slaveholders, the data seems to show in general not many freed slaves in 1870 were using the surname of their We welcome updates and additions to this Wiki page. can be viewed to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view 1870s-1900s, General Assembly (RG 37) Summary Committee Reports, RG 37-8-35 [Example: Report of the American Negro Study Committee, 1970]. Roll 1230) reportedly includes a total of 24,060 slaves, which ranks as the fourth highest total in the State and the sixth Slave population in 1860 chart Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_census Slave Population in 1860 Map But many historians approached that data very skeptically. From NKAA, Notable Kentucky African Americans Database (main entry). | READ MORE, Lincoln Mullen is a historian of American religions. ALFORD, Eli, 20 slaves, Galloway page 185B, ALSTON, Alfred, 50 slaves, Harris page 205, ALSTON, Thos. 13 August 1521: with the capture of King Cuahutemotzin by Hernan Corts and the fall of the city of Mexico, the Aztec empire is overthrown and Mexico comes under Spanish Rule. 191, WILLIAMSON, Tempy, 72 slaves, Harris page 207B, YARBRO, Jas. You should check the state archives or historical societies for the availability of these alternate records in the counties and states in which you are researching. 1966, RG 12-6, : Information on schools constructed with Jeanes, Slater and Rosenwald Funds, One Teacher Experimental Schools, workshops and teacher training programs. Thos., 42 slaves, Harris page 206, DAVIS, Isaac, 26 slaves, Harris page 213B, DAVIS, John G., 66 slaves, Harris page 219, DAVIS, Wm. Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 % of the total number of U.S. slaveholders, or 1 accounting for 8,445 slaves, or just over 35% of the County total. of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be addressed in this transcription. Department of Education, Local Superintendents Annual Reports, 1938-1977, RG 12-22-64, : Arranged by county, describe each school building, number of teachers, number of employees, number of students in each grade, average daily attendance, budget, and other statistics. Check microfilm card catalog Tax Digest drawer for microfilm of tax digests not in Archives custody. If the ancestor is not on this list, the 1860 slave census The rest of the slaves in the Though thematic mapping had its origins in the 19th century, the technique is useful for understanding history in our own day. Americans on the 1870 census who were enumerated with the same surname. In 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. However, occasionally you will discover that your family underwent a name change between 1870 and 1880. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. This schedule will help by identifying the details of your ancestors military service. Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. As historian Susan Schulten has shown, this particular map was created by a federal government agency from statistics gathered by the Census. Learn more. 3,953,760 In 1790, the first census of the United States counted 697,624 slaves. Due to variable film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the 3,950,546 unnamed slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. Overseer, 27 slaves, Harris page 179B ends You are the visitor to this page. WebSlave Importation Registers, 1800-1845, and Lists of Slaves: Affidavits of persons bringing slaves into the state, and lists or registers of slaves and slave owners. S. H., 56 slaves, page 472B, TICKEM?, Col. F. W., 193 slaves, page 516, WATSON, Estate of S.? In counties along the Atlantic Coast in 1790 and 1800, the population of slaves at any one time was nearly at its peak. Georgia Archives only has limited microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. Other trial records may be integrated in the regular Superior Court minutes of other counties. The free African American population settled primarily along the Eastern seaboard and especially in the cities of the northern United States. This page has been viewed 13,839 times (38 via redirect). Copyright 2006 NPR. Of the many excellent histories of American slavery, see one of these: on the settlement of the Mississippi River valley, Walter Johnson, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom (Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013); on the life of slaves, Erskine Clarke, Dwelling Place: A Plantation Epic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005); on the history of slavery generally, Ira Berlin, Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003). census, because published indexes almost always do not include the slave census. *Generally speaking, the regions used in the source appear to refer to ports that are or were located in the following modern countries in mainland Africa (although there is likely a lot of overlapping data between certain regions, as their borders and names became redefined throughout history); The census shows no subdivisions within the County. LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about Adjutant Generals Office (RG 22) Georgia Army National Guard Miscellaneous Records, RG 22-1-10 [Note: These records are scattered throughout this section and do not appear in one single folder.] We can be contacted at wiki@genealogicalstudies.com. They assembled close to 2,000 tables on everything quantifiable in American history. Like Rome and the Sokoto caliphate, the South was totally transformed by the presence of slavery. Following the holder Witheach county labeled with the exact percentage of people enslaved, the map demanded some closer examination. Around 1650 the Kingdom of the Kongo, which the Portuguese had ties with, started exporting enslaved An animation of density of the total population from 1790 to 1860. Should the federal government pay reparations to the descendants of enslaved people? The holders on pages 375B through 427, were shown as in the Saluda Regiment,
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