India Bans Animal Testing for Cosmetics," care2.com, July 2, 2013, James Gorman, "U.S. to Begin Retiring Most Research Chimps," nytimes.com, June 26, 2013, Nobel Media, "The Discovery of Insulin," nobelprize.org (accessed Oct. 16, 2013), US Department of Agriculture, "Annual Report Animal Usage by Fiscal Year, aphis.usda.gov, Jan. 7, 2020, Encyclopdia Britannica, "Ahimsa," Britannica.com (accessed Oct. 16, 2013), National Academy of Sciences, "Report Calls for New Directions, Innovative Approaches in Testing Chemicals for Toxicity to Humans," nationalacademies.org, June 12, 2007, Arthur Allen, "Of Mice or Men: The Problems with Animal Testing," slate.com, June 1, 2006, Aysha Akhtar, MD, MPH, email to ProCon.org, Oct. 14, 2013, Karl S. Kruszelnicki, "Mouse with Human Ear," abc.net.au, June 2, 2006, Ray Greek, MD, et al., "The History and Implications of Testing Thalidomide on Animals,", John J. Pippin, MD and Kristie Sullivan, MPH, "Dangerous Medicine: Examples of Animal-Based 'Safety' Tests Gone Wrong," Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine website (accessed Oct. 23, 2013), Pro-Test, "Frequently Asked Questions," pro-test.org.uk (accessed Oct. 23, 2013), World Health Organization, "Poliomyelitis," who.int, Apr. Animal Research: How it Benefits Both Humans and Animals | CVMA | California Veterinary Medical Association. From immunizations to cancer therapy, our ability to manage the health of animals has also improved because of animal research and the application of medical breakthroughs in veterinary medicine. ;fEv/d"aA[bYUx~%D*83PniE
V~b_aZg`WX9^"84[q%tF Actively scan device characteristics for identification. A test or study that is most likely to predict human response based on scientific evidence and occurs before or during the clinical trial phase of the investigation of the safety and effectiveness of a drug. According to information from the Office of Technology Assessment it is estimated that between 17 and 23 million animals are used in research each year. 21, 2017, John Ericson, "Breakthroughs Might Mean the End of Animal Testing," newsweek.com, Mar. A variety of animals provide very useful models for the study of diseases afflict in g both humans and animals. Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The polio vaccine reduced the global occurrence of the disease from 350,000 cases in 1988 to 223 cases in 2012. I suggested that the idea of allowing animals to participate in these protocols was a way to learn about the biology of the brain. The goal of the research is to help scientists and medical researchers better understand how the brain is able to control what we do. The brain is designed to work as a sort of controller in the brain and be able to do things like make sure people are safe. A variety of animals provide very useful models for the study of diseases afflicting both humans and animals. A variety of animals provide very useful models for the study of diseases afflicting both humans and animals. Although a lot of people do not know this, scientists try to use alternatives as much as they can in research. For more than a hundred years, virtually every medical breakthrough in human and animal health has been the direct result of research using animals. Animal Roles in Medical Discoveries. Scientists and medical researchers are currently studying how the brain is able to react to various drugs, such as amphetamines. 11, 2020, Rachel Bucchino, "New FDA Policy Allows Lab Animals to Be Adopted after Experiments, thehill.com, Feb. 7, 2020, Moderna, "Modernas Work on a Potential Vaccine Against COVID-19, modernatx.com (accessed Mar. The critical role of nonhuman primates in medical research. We take our responsibility for the ethical treatment of animals in medical research very seriously. This bibliography was generated on Cite This For Me on Tuesday, May 3, 2016, In-text: (Science, medicine, and animals, 1991). Despite certain differences between people and rodents, the similarities are strong enough to give researchers an enormously powerful and versatile mammalian system in which to investigate human disease. Hemophilic Influenza type B (Hib) has been the cause of meningitis resulting in death or brain damage for more than 800 children every year, scientist recently developed a vaccine against Hib. When Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) was a young Arab physician in Moorish Spain in the eleventh century, he pioneered the use of animal testing to test surgical treatments on animals before applying them to human patients. CBRA Fact Sheet: Why Are Animals Necessary in Biomedical Research?," . According to CBRA (2015) these ailments and biological foes include: HIV/AIDS, cancer, asthma, vaccines, organ transplants, antibiotics, and high-blood-pressure concerns ("CBRA Fact Sheet"). The Service has developed a flow chart to assist Federal agencies in determining whether a CBRA consultation is necessary, and an inter-agency CBRA consultation template With the capacity to eradicate parasites, cure diseases, utilize anesthetic devices, and encourage breeding in many species populations, the health and survival of many species has improved. A lot of people don't know just how many animals are used in biomedical research. It is possible that animal testing will be utilized to determine product safety by producers that want to introduce new items to the market. It satisfies the non testing side by blocking some experiments and making sure the testing is humane-California Biomedical Research Association, "CBRA Fact Sheet: Why Are Animals Necessary in Biomedical Research?," ca-biomed.org (accessed Oct. 15, 2013) -New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS), "Biomedical Research," neavs.org . ], ProCon.org. Approximately 95% of all laboratory animals are mice and rats. California Biomedical Research Association P.O. [online] Available at: [Accessed 3 May 2016]. With a shorter life cycle than humans, animal models can be studied throughout their whole life span and across several generations, a critical element in understanding how a disease processes and how it interacts with a whole, living biological system. According to the California Biomedical Research Association, between 17 and 23 million animals are used in research each year. Your Bibliography: Aalasfoundation.org. A spokesperson for the FDA stated on the record that the new law does not change the regulatory process for drugs[2]. 18, 2014, Jeff Flake, "Wastebook: Porkemon Go," flake.senate.gov, Jan. 2017, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), "Tell Congress: Cut Funding for Cruel Experiments on Animals," support.peta.org (accessed Oct. 18, 2017), Emily Trunnell, "The University of Pittsburgh Is Using Taxpayer Dollars to Conduct Cruel and Unnecessary Animal Experiments," alternet.org, Sep. 7, 2017, Stacy L. Pritt and Robert E. Hammer, "The Interplay of Ethics, Animal Welfare, and IACUC Oversight on the Reproducibility of Animal Studies,", New Internationalist, "Is Animal Testing Necessary to Advance Medical Research?" 17, 2020, Nicoletta Lanese, "Researchers Fast-Track Coronavirus Vaccine by Skipping Key Animal Testing First, livescience.com, Mar. It will also be critical in the attempt to understand and control newly emerging human diseases in the future, as well. Many people have questions about animal testing ethics and the animal testing debate. Your Bibliography: n.d. CBRA Fact Sheet: Why Are Animals Necessary in Biomedical Research?. 4 0 obj Annotated Bibliography for Article FOR Animal Testing California Biomedical Research Association, "CBRA Fact Sheet: Why Are Animals Necessary in Biomedical Research?," ca-biomed.org (accessed Oct. 15, 2013) David Wright, Cole Kazdin, and Lauren Effron, "'Zoobiquity': 7 Diseases Animals Share with Humans," abcnews.go.com, June 12, 2012 Tom Holder, "Animal Research Is an Ethical and Vital Tool . The background and pro and con arguments were written by ProCon.org staff based upon input from the following sources. 2011. ProCon/Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. A lot of people dont know just how many animals are used in biomedical research. 17, 2020), Perfect365, Inc., "New Survey from Perfect365 Reveals 36% of Women Prefer to Purchase Cruelty-Free Beauty," businesswire.com, Mar. | Theme by SuperbThemes.Com, What Animals Have Menstrual Cycles? If you want to study how humans regulate their behavior, then youve got to study the brain and the brain controller, youre not really sure what to do. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Bans Cosmetics with Animal-Tested Ingredients," nytimes.com, Mar. But just in case you are, you can thank the very famous Dr. Franklyn J. Coghlan for the advice on the latest episode of his show. Your Bibliography: National Institute on Aging. [online] HubPages. [ebook] Sacramentio, California: California Biomedical Research Association. . Small animals especially bred for laboratory use, usually rats and mice, are used to identify any undesired side effects of new drugs, such as infertility, miscarriage, birth defects, liver damage and cancer-causing potential. n.d. Reducing reliance on higher-order species, rodents have become the animal model of choice for biomedical researchers because their physiology and genetic makeup closely resembles that of people. These are the sources and citations used to research Animal testing. Your Bibliography: 2011. Historically, the polio vaccine, blood transfusions and organ transplantation among many other advances could not have been possible without NHP research. All rights reserved. Animals are biologically similar to humans. Available at: [Accessed 3 May 2016]. Nothing so far has been discovered that can be a substitute for the complex functions of a living, breathing, whole-organ system with pulmonary and circulatory structures like those in humans. Cut Out the Animals!," huffingtonpost.com, July 11, 2013, Junhee Seok et al., "Genomic Responses in Mouse Models Poorly Mimic Human Inflammatory Diseases,", Marcel Leist and Thomas Hartung, "Inflammatory Findings on Species Extrapolations: Humans Are Definitely No 70-kg Mice,", Humane Society International, "Costs of Animal and Non-Animal Testing," hsi.org (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), Kathleen Conlee, "Animal Testing Not Effective," live.huffingtonpost.com, July 12, 2013, US National Institutes of Health, "NIH Budget," nih.gov (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), Carol Kilkenny et al., "Survey of the Quality of Experimental Design, Statistical Analysis and Reporting of Research Using Animals,", Humane Society of the United States, "Questions and Answers about Biomedical Research," humanesociety.org, Sep. 16, 2013, Richard Dawkins, "But Can They Suffer," richarddawkins.net, June 29, 2011, Humane Society of the United States, "Undercover Investigation Reveals Cruelty to Chimps at Research Lab," humanesociety.org, Mar. What is being done in the field of animal research? Every known medical breakthrough known has a basis in animal research and all of the top 25 most prescribed drugs were developed with the assistance of animal models. ProCon.org. On the other hand, there are several people and studies that agree and support animal testing in view of the fact that it has contributed to many lifesaving cures and treatments. Is It Legal To Purchase Mushroom Spores In The US? we need the grim good of animal research. National Review. The focus of biomedical researchers are diverse, but all seek to answer questions relevant to human and animal health that may one day translate into clinical practice. Origins of Sexual Orientation, The Hastings Center, "Fact Sheet: Animals Used in Research in the U.S.," animalresearch.thehastingscenter.org (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), Speaking of Research, "US Statistics," speakingofresearch.com (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), The Jane Goodall Institute of Canada, "Conservation & Threats," janegoodall.ca (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), Science Museum (UK), "Thalidomide," sciencemuseum.org.uk (accessed Oct. 17, 2013), US Department of Defense, "Animal Care and Use Programs for Fiscal Years 2006 and 2007," dtic.mil (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), "A Brief History of Animals in Space," history.nasa.gov (accessed Oct. 17, 2013), California Biomedical Research Association, "CBRA Fact Sheet: Why Are Animals Necessary in Biomedical Research?," ca-biomed.org (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), AnimalResearch.info, "Diseases & Research," animalresearch.info (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), Elizabeth Fisher, "Why We Should Accept Animal Testing," huffingtonpost.co.uk, July 17, 2013, Speaking of Research, "Alternatives?," speakingofresearch.com (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, "Animal Research FAQ," aalas.org (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), Associated Press, "Texas Research Chimps Face Retirement, Relocation," khou.com, July 22, 2013, Kara Rogers, "Scientific Alternatives to Animal Testing: A Progress Report," britannica.com, Sep. 17, 2007, Jonathan Smith, "Can Biotechnology Reduce Animal Testing in Medicine?, labiotech.eu, Apr. Other very important aids include mathematical modeling, database analysis, computer simulations and in vitro models, such as cell and tissue cultures. The goal of biomedical research is to translate discoveries and observations in the laboratory or clinic into new therapies. Magazine: Why Are Animals Necessary in Biomedical Research? Fact. 5, 2021, Humane Society International, "Mexico Becomes First Country in North America to Outlaw Animal Testing for Cosmetics,", Joe Hernandez, "The FDA No Longer Requires All Drugs to Be Tested on Animals before Human Trials," npr.org, Jan. 12, 2023. [online] Goshen.edu. Support Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford and child and maternal health. 2022 Autumn Falls Interview All Rights Reserved. Required fields are marked *. Home : Public Outreach : Resources. Available at: <http://www.ca-biomed.org/pdf/media-kit/fact-sheets/FS-WhyNecessary.pdf> [Accessed 3 May 2016]. 13 Feb. 2008. Man and Animal- The Similarities and the Differences. 5, 2012, A. Barton Hinkle, "Do Animals Have Rights?," reason.com, Sep. 23, 2011, Daniel Cressey, "Animal Research: Battle Scars," nature.com, Feb. 23, 2011, American Physiological Society, "Animal Research," the-aps.org (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), National Association for Biomedical Research, "Mission Statement," nabr.org (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), American Heart Association, "Public Policy Agenda 2010-14," heart.org (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), Society of Toxicology, "Animals in Research Public Policy Statement," toxicology.org, Mar. The findings of animal research are critical in addressing knowledge gaps in the areas of health and illness in both humans and other animals. It is easier for researchers to construct tests to evaluate new therapies in humans when they understand cell and organ function, which is the same in all vertebrates. For instance, the California Biomedical Research Association states that nearly every medical breakthrough in the last 100 years comes from animal testing. Animals have served as surrogates in the investigation of human diseases and have yielded valuable data in the process of discovering new ways to treat, cure or prevent them. A Thorough Evaluation Of The Southwest Rapid Rewards Premier Credit Card. Animals have a shorter life cycle than humans and as a result, they can be studied throughout their whole life span or across several generations. He's worked as both an freelancer and with Business Today before joining our team, but his addiction to self help books isn't something you can put into words - it just shows how much time he spends thinking about what kindles your soul! Animals Stroke - BrainFacts.org. Animal Research Success: Animals Parkinsons Disease - BrainFacts.org. 17, 2020) 136. Use correct grammar , punctuation , and spelling . It is important to note that the FDA previously had the authority to allow non-animal data to be considered during safety and efficacy reviews of new drugs and previously issued guidance regarding such. Animal models are utilized in biomedical research when questions require a study of whole organisms that cannot be carried out in humans. instead of or before animal studies are ever conducted. Animal testing has also brought. Last modified on January 12, 2023. Other drugs are designed to make people sick and make them feel uncomfortable. At Stanford, we emphasize that the humane care of laboratory animals is essential, both ethically and scientifically. (LogOut/ % Animals are biologically very similar to humans. In-text: (CBRA Fact Sheet: Why Are Animals Necessary in Biomedical Research?,", 2012) Your Bibliography: ca-biomed. In-text: (Animal Research FAQs The Top 10 Questions, n.d.). Explains that the animal welfare act (awa) protects and regulates animal testing. Along with that, the lifespan of animals is shorter than humans and that is why we can examine them throughout their entire lifespan and in different stages of their life. Stanford researchers have made many important human and animal life-saving discoveries through their work. What are the benefits of using animals in research? Animals make good research subjects for a variety of reasons. How To Get Rid Of Burrowing Animals? [ebook] Available at: [Accessed 3 May 2016]. , Speaking of Research, speakingofresearch.com/. Computer models, tissue and cell cultures, and a number of other non-animal related research methods are used today in biomedical research. Science, medicine, and animals. What Is The Effect Of Alcohol On People Suffering From Hypothyroidism? Animal Research FAQ. Your Bibliography: Sammons, A., n.d. Animals are susceptible to many of the same health problems as humans - cancer, diabetes, heart disease, etc. xWrw^WQ>PD!_#I*B For example, blindness cannot be studied in bacteria and it is not possible to study the affects of high blood pressure in tissue cultures. stream Says It Will Drastically Reduce Animal Testing, nytimes.com, Sep. 10, 2019, The Humane Society of the United States, "Animals Used in Biomedical Research FAQ, humane society.org (accessed Mar. Your Bibliography: Miller, 1998. Why Are Animals Needed. Im not sure what that meant exactly, but the idea of studying animal behavior seemed to fall apart when I suggested that the idea of studying animal behavior was a way to study the biology of the brain. click hereto find out more from the Foundation of Biomedical Research website. There are several reasons why the use of animals is critical for biomedical research: Animals are biologically very similar to humans. Researchers requesting use of animal models at Stanford must have their research proposals reviewed by a federally mandated committee that includes two independent community members. 2005, NBC News, "Report: Vioxx Linked to Thousands of Deaths," nbcnews.com, Oct. 6, 2004, Understanding Animal Research, "Nine Out of Ten Statistics Are Taken Out of Context," understandinganimalresearch.org.uk, Jan. 23, 2013, Aysha Akhtar, MD, MPH, "Want to Improve Medical Research? Born Gay? Instead of stopping animal testing, efforts can be increased in better regulating it to ensure the best possible balance between animal care and medical progress. They have also done a lot for Parkinsons disease. Is what's good for mice good for men?. Who is the author? "Animal research has also contributed to major advances in understanding and treating conditions such as breast cancer, brain injury, childhood leukemia, cystic fibrosis, malaria, multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, and many others, and was instrumental in the development of pacemakers, cardiac valve substitutes, and anesthetics" Why are animals necessary in biomedical research. In-text: (Limitations and Dangers | Animal Use in Research, n.d.). ], [Editors Note: The MLA citation style requires double spacing within entries. Although irreplaceable in many types of research, only about 1/4 of 1% of animals used in research in the U.S. are NHPs and most of these animals are species of monkeys, not chimpanzees or other great apes. Your email address will not be published. 1-Animals are appropriate research subjects. Your Bibliography: 1991. [ebook] National Institute Of Aging, p.10. In addition, scientists can easily control the environment around animals (diet, temperature, lighting), which would be difficult to do with humans. In fact, chimpanzees share more that 99% of DNA with humans and mice share more than 98% DNA with humans, therefore, animals are susceptible to many of the same health problems as humans. 2023 Angels For Animals TucsonA Tucson
To learn more about the lab animals that have made important contributions in nearly every Nobel Prize in medicine,click hereto find out more from the Foundation of Biomedical Research website. Animal research and testing were needed for every prescription medicine available today. In the movie, the human brain is a brain that is designed to function like a human. Your Bibliography: n.d. CBRA Fact Sheet: Why Are Animals Necessary in Biomedical Research?. Magnifying Glasses vs. Loupes: Which is Better for Your Needs. CBRA serves as the primary voice for the biomedical research community in California, Nevada, and the greater western region, promoting positions consistent with the responsible and ethical conduct of biomedical research, and offering outreach on the important role that animals play in advancing scientific knowledge and medical care and cure. Alternative testing methods now exist that can replace the need for animals. The scientists at UCLA pioneered deep brain stimulation, which is a surgical procedure that is used to treat tremors, rigidity, stiffness, slowed movement and walking problems, which are a lot of the symptoms of Parkinsons disease. In fact, research on animals is in many cases an obligation. Reducing reliance on higher-order species, rodents have become the animal model of choice for biomedical researchers because their physiology and genetic makeup closely resembles that of people. Scientists and medical researchers are currently researching how the brain is able to react to various drugs, such as amphetamines. 2. CBRA exception(s) that applies to the project or action, an explanation of how the project or action meets that exception(s), and any other supporting materials. View full document See Page 1 n.d. the awa excludes birds, rats and mice for research, cold-blooded animals, and farm animals for food and other purposes. 2020, European Commission, Ban on Animal Testing, ec.europa.eu (accessed Mar. The nervous system, blood and brain chemistry, gland and organ secretions, and immunological responses are all interrelated, making it impossible to explore, explain, or predict the course of diseases or the effects of possible treatments without observing and testing the entire living system of an animal. Available at: [Accessed 3 May 2016]. Here are the proper bibliographic citations for this page according to four style manuals (in alphabetical order): [Editor's Note: The APA citation style requires double spacing within entries. Usually, they rely on animal models, which are study subjects that are designed to imitate a certain disease. These computational methods are utilized to analyze large volumes of historical experimental data in order to highlight biological trends and high priority research objectives, as well as to compile large volumes of experimental data into virtual biological systems and networks that, within the bounds of current knowledge, are capable of making predictive assessments of research questions. Available at: [Accessed 3 May 2016]. [8] Additional animal research safety and efficacy data became required under the Act in 1963 to prevent incidents like the thalidomide incident in Europe and other parts of the world[9]. A litany of specified diseases and conditions illustrate various medical advances achieved by the usage of nonhuman animals in biomedical research. In-text: (CBRA Fact Sheet: Why Are Animals Necessary in Biomedical Research?, n.d.). Y$ JRy3-#L+8_8~[@o8}|{.&z|x:~7O|]~,/K~Kay~Kow7}~wWMM3#L^lQ13ePgdLP?h?;Z/#(WPkpHaFieYy}u>Pcl%m=saod:@0auS~Wgmh55OGUm'4(\eFuvh! 8, 2019, Understanding Animal Research, "Myths and Facts," understandinganimalresearch.org.uk (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), David Wright, Cole Kazdin, and Lauren Effron, "'Zoobiquity': 7 Diseases Animals Share with Humans," abcnews.go.com, June 12, 2012, Speaking of Research, "Animal Research Is Not 'Animal Testing,'" speakingofresearch.com, Jan. 17, 2013, US National Institutes of Health (NIH), "Laws Related to the Protection of Human Subjects: World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki," history.nih.gov (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), California Veterinary Medical Association, "Animal Research: How It Benefits Both Humans and Animals," cvma.net (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), Peter Beaumont, "Australia's Koala Crisis: Gene Sequencing Provides Hope against Killer Diseases," theguardian.com, Apr. 3. These include animals such as rats, mice, birds, rabbits, guinea pigs, sheep, fish, frogs, pigs, birds, dogs, cats, primates, among others. Some drugs are designed to produce a specific response in the brain, such as a drug that is designed to make people want to jump out of their chairs. The goal of the research is to help scientists and medical researchers better understand how the brain is able to control what we do. 1 Mar. Chicago, Illinois 60654 USA, Natalie Leppard Federal, State And University Laws, Regulations, Guidelines And Policies," las.rutgers.edu (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), Charlotte Hu, "Of Mice and Model Organisms, cshl.edu, July 31, 2019, George Dvorsky, "Do These Startling Longevity Studies Mean Your Lifespan Could Double?," io9.com, Apr. They guide those with special needs; help police, fire and rescue personnel; and even assist in herding other animals. It is important to stress that 95% of all animals necessary for biomedical research in the United States are rodents rats and mice especially bred for laboratory use and that animals are only one part of the larger process of biomedical research. Some drugs are designed to produce a specific response in the brain, such as a drug that is designed to make people want to jump out of their chairs. Explains the cbra fact sheet: why are animals necessary in biomedical research. And the only way for them to make it is if you allow them to eat the cannabis. Modern medical research, including research using animals, is necessary to understanding disease and creating medicines to improve human and animal lives and reduce suffering. 4, 2006, Joanne Zurlo, Deborah Rudacille, and Alan M. Goldberg, "The Three R's: The Way Forward,", David Whitehouse, "First Dog in Space Died within Hours," news.bbc.co.uk, Oct. 28, 2002, Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM), "Military Avoids Timeline to Modernize Combat Trauma Training," pcrm.org (accessed Oct. 16, 2013), Ernesto Londoo, "Military Is Required to Justify Using Animals in Medic Training after Pressure from Activists," washingtonpost.com, Feb. 24, 2013, Mike M. Ahlers, "Coast Guard Reexamines Use of Live Goats as Battle 'Patients,'" cnn.com, May 3, 2013, Daniel Engber, "Me and My Monkey," slate.com, June 5, 2009, Sheryl Gay Stolberg, "Debate over Whether to Defend Animal Tests," nytimes.com, July 23, 2002, James Kanter, "E.U. Copyright 2020 NABR.ORG All rights reserved. There are 4 reasons why animals are used in research: The principles of anatomy and physiology are true for humans and animals, especially mammals. 5, 2006, Bloomberg News, "China Animal Testing Complicates L'Oreals Expansion," Bloomberg.com, Aug. 22, 2013, SC Johnson, "SC Johnson Point of View on Animal Testing," scjohnson.com, Oct. 23, 2019, "Genesis 1:26," kingjamesbibleonline.org (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), "Animal Ethics," bbc.co.uk (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), Humane Society International, "About Animal Testing," hsi.org (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), Rodrigo Netto Costa et al., "A Reassessment of the, Geoff Watts, "Alternatives to Animal Experimentation,", Axonn News Agency, "Greiner Bio-One Launches Artificial Skin to Replace Animal Testing," zenopa.com, July 15, 2013, New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS), "Biomedical Research," neavs.org (accessed Oct. 15, 2013), Humane Society International, "As Home Office Statistics Show UK Animal Experiments At Shocking 4.11Million, HSI Calls on Government to Increase Spend on Non-Animal Replacement Techniques," hsi.org, July 16, 2013.
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