b. a. increased campaign financing for female candidates In fact, some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism. d. all of these, 1. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Institutional sexism 1.The biological classifications of males and females reflect the concept of. c. a little over half "Intersectionality is not just a form of inquiry and critical analysis but necessarily also a form of praxis that challenges inequalities and opens a collective space for both recognizing common threads across complex experiences of injustice and responding to them politically" (Ferree, 2018). If you meet with a female loan officer, on the other hand, you might make an emotional appeal, by stating your positive social intentions. This is certainly relevant to the discussion of masculinity and femininity, because the characteristics and practices of both are socially constructed, reproduced, and reinforced through daily interactions. d. more education for girls, 1. Research demonstrates the importance of _________bias, that is, bias we are unaware of. For example, social justice policies (e.g. c. little encouragement to follow STEM pursuits. a. Androgyny 1,6991,6991,699 funds. Which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability? What percent of transgender adults report being harassed? 1. Compared to most Western societies, U.S. sexual attitudes are considered _______. b. women equally shared responsibility with the men for providing food, clothing, and shelter for their families. The social construction of race is reflected in the way names for racial categories change with changing times. 1. threatened is called Want to cite, share, or modify this book? d. women need less free time than men. Which event resulted in a large number of women entering the workforce? When individuals are racialized, they are stereotyped, minimized, often in the form or caricatures. Women earn approximately half of doctorate degrees in the U.S. Feminists argue that conceptions of gender are. c. Taxable income Income tax rate. Famed Interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group: Without these interactions, individuals in the dominant group would not hold racist views. 1. The meanings attached to symbols are socially created and fluid, instead of natural and static. The goal of social interaction is to communicate with others. c. Gender dysphoria d. Postmodernists, 1. d. Females are less likely to be unemployed than males. 1. 1920s A study of 200 "topselling" children's picture books found Seen as an acceptance of a woman's subordination to men, Structural- Functionalism uses the concept of ____________ to explain gender inequality. West & Zimmerman emphasized that gender is maintained through accountability. (Close-captioning available on Ted.com.). Globally, women made up______ percent of the total work force in 2012. b. Collins & Bilge (2020) combine the critical inquiry into inequalities and stratification with critical praxis to advance social justice. Symbolic interactionists also focus on the process of labeling - the meanings attached to labels and their social consequences. When we examine race and how it can bring us both advantages and disadvantages, it is important to acknowledge that the way we experience race is shaped, for example, by our gender and class. 1. 1. b. women's unpaid household labor was less in the United States than in any of the other countries. Culture of prejudice refers to the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture. a. a decrease of women in the workforce after World War II. Blumer, Herbert. c. sexual harassment. On the other hand, Rose (1951) suggested that dysfunctions associated with racism include the failure to take advantage of talent in the subjugated group, and that society must divert from other purposes the time and effort needed to maintain artificially constructed racial boundaries. How does each contribute to who you are, and how would possible change alter your self-defined identity? In an effort to bolster representation of women in politics, Afghanistan has instituted c. women as religious leaders. b. c. when a child enters school. b. an employer who requires sexual favors of an employee in exchange for a salary increase then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. How many of these are women? b. the practice of promoting within an organization based on seniority Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . d. all of these. c. woman without children. a. Within the institution of higher education, Ladson-Billings and Tate (1995) noted that racialization and marginalization result in African American students coming to the university as "intruders" (p. 60). 1920 This is any literary or artistic material meant to cause sexual feelings. Functionalism emphasizes that all the elements of society have functions that promote solidarity and maintain order and stability in society. Jeff says that women who get drunk in bars and go home with strangers are just "asking" to be raped. c. jobs are less physically demanding. Interactionists believe that these meanings are derived through social interaction, and that these meanings are managed and transformed through an interpretive process that people use to make sense of, and handle, the objects that constitute their social worlds. Symbolic interactionism aims to understand human behavior by analyzing the critical role of symbols in human interaction. d. greater improvements in men's health than women's health. Why or why not? 1. Multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the way we experience race. b. an invisible barrier that prevents women from moving into top corporate positions. 1. a. glass ceiling Famed interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo Christine Williams (1992) found that males encounter a _______ _____________, or invisible pressure to move up in their profession. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. c. relative resources approach The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. a. the idea that women can achieve as much success as men if they work hard enough. Conflict theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity. b. emotion work. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Creative Commons Attribution License Nash (1964) focused his argument on the way racism is functional for the dominant group, for example, suggesting that racism morally justifies a racially unequal society. 1. Rist, R. (1970). Though actively involved in the social construction of race, society ignores or is not taught that racial categories are subjective, not fixed, and not based on facts, as explained in Chapter 1.2. This book uses the b. 1. a. reliance on gender stereotyping. This type of approach would appeal to the sensitive and relational characteristics typically associated with femininity. For example, Ibram X. Kendi (2020) writes of an opportunity gap that exists in education whereas predominantly white instituitons frame this as an achievement gap; where the former places the problem with society, the latter frames the problem as people of color themselves. The __________refers to a set of societal expectations that discourages males from expressing emotion, d. the concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations. 1. We can examine issues of race and ethnicity through five different sociological perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, intersection theory, and critical race theory. c. 78 percent b. the glass escalator effect. d. were frequently owners. a. exposure to pollutants through cooking c. devaluation Carl argues sex work should be legal because he believes clients of sex workers get an outlet for a variety of sexual acts they may be unable to fulfill in other ways. a. c. the selffulfilling prophecy. a. a male perceived to be dishonoring his country. Scholars of this perspective study how individuals act within society, and believe that meaning is produced through the interactions of individuals. b. Reasons for STEM gender disparity include b. glorification of homosexuality among teens. a. have limited learning potential. c. die about two years earlier than women. a. live about two years longer than women. From a symbolic interactionist perspective, gender is produced and reinforced through daily interactions and the use of symbols. a. 1999-2023, Rice University. b. Sexism The glass ceiling refers to the lack of women in higher education. 20 1. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. b. overt b. an escalating divorce rate. b. Conflict theorists a. pathetic and silly. b. Christian women's are licensed under a, High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change, Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime, Global Implications of Media and Technology, Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology, Social Stratification in the United States, Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States, Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity, Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power, Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine, Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/12-section-quiz, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Practices and policies may lead to dysfunction. d. the United States. a. a subfield in sociology that studies gender differences in job performance Women's hormonal makeup is calming, making them uniquely qualified to take care of little children and the a. women's labor union b. Erving Goffman, one of the forefathers of this theoretical perspective, emphasized the importance of control in social interactions. b. c. second shift theory Because we are all exposed to these images and thoughts, it is impossible to know to what extent they have influenced our thought processes. consent of Rice University. An example of this might be an individual whose beliefs about a particular group are based on images conveyed in popular media, and those are unquestionably believed because the individual has never personally met a member of that group. 1. Imagine, for example, that you walk into a bank, hoping to get a small loan for school, a home, or a small business venture. Both masculinity and feminity are performed gender identities, in the sense that gender is something we do or perform, not something we are . d. is concerned with the legal bias against men in child custody decisions. 1. b. little job security. a. at birth. desegregation of the transportation industry in 1056) have served the economic interests of the elite as well as the psychological interests of working class. In fact, some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. 1865 In general, women are socialized into instrumental roles, and men are socialized into expressive roles. a. According to Robert Merton, the manifest functions of social institutions and their policies are intended to produce beneficial outcomes. A symbolic interactionist might say that this labeling has a direct correlation to those who are in power and those who are labeled. Famed interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group. According to symbolic interactionists, gender assignment begins. Women are disproportionately employed in vulnerable employment. d. Southern Baptist Convention. c. that are easy and that don't involve getting dirty. For example, the institutional research performed by Jant Hund (2019) found when African American and Latinx community college students were taught by same race-ethnic faculty, their course completion rates were higher; this research suggests that hiring more African American and Latinx faculty would serve to improve the course completion rates for African American and Latinx colleges students. The __________ refers to society's tendency to discourage males from expressing emotion, weakness, or vulnerability, or asking for help. b. two-parent households Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles. 1. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. 1790 c. Hispanic and black female-headed households The years since the Civil War have showed a pattern of attempted disenfranchisement, with gerrymandering and voter suppression efforts aimed at predominantly minority neighborhoods. 1. c. private property in agricultural societies began to contribute to greater power of females in the society at large. b. androgyny. a. structural sexism a. Women tend to advance more quickly in STEM occupations than do men. c. women should be more like men. Rather than colorblind solutions, critical race theorists advocate for race-conscious solutions to race-based social ills. 45 percent c. men equally shared responsibility with the women for caring for children. d. 71, 1. Symbolic interactionist perspectives on sex work and prostitution, Enable us to consider the individual perspectives of those who participate most directly in the industry. The theory of doing gender is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? According to Merton, a dysfunction would be considered a harmful latent outcome of an institutional policy or practice. b. France. 1. b. with high concentrations of lesbian and gay employees. Another way to apply the functionalist perspective to race and ethnicity is to discuss the way racism can contribute positively to the functioning of society by strengthening bonds between in-group members through the ostracism of out-group members. Your text argues that the type of career pursued by women is a "structured choice," which means c. the women's corner a. objectification of women but not men. How can racism and discrimination contribute positively to society? Women have higher rates of HIV/AIDS worldwide. d. implicit, 1.______________ prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. c. occupational sex segregation. 11.3C: The Interactionist Perspective is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. In the late nineteenth century, the rising power of Black Americans after the Civil War resulted in draconian Jim Crow laws that severely limited Black political and social power.
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