Testing and Interpreting Moderation in Ordinary Least Squares Regression Models Moderation in Statistical Terms The simplest form of moderation is where a relationship between an independent variable, X, and a dependent var-iable, Y, changes according to the value of a moderator variable, Z. Tj -430.5 -14.25 TD -0.1656 Tc 0.1656 Tw (Those ) Tj 32.25 0 TD -0.388 Tc 0 Tw (who) Tj 20.25 0 TD -0.0776 Tc 0.4526 Tw ( do make it an issue often turn out to hav) Tj 195.75 0 TD -0.0182 Tc 0.1432 Tw (e drinking issues of their own. This article introduces the concept of moderation and describes how moderator effects are tested and interpreted for a series of model types, beginning with straightforward two-way interactions. Tj 174.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.22 Tc 0.22 Tw (The ) Tj 21 0 TD -0.0838 Tc 0.4172 Tw (NIAAA study followed up after three years on a ) Tj -199.5 -14.25 TD -0.0098 Tc 0.3848 Tw (group diagnosed wi) Tj 94.5 0 TD -0.138 Tc 0.588 Tw (th the most severe stage, ) Tj 120 0 TD -0.0192 Tc 0.3942 Tw (commonly called \223alcoholics) Tj 140.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3.75 0 TD -0.078 Tc (\224) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0742 Tc 0.2242 Tw ( and a group at ) Tj -363 -13.5 TD -0.0693 Tc 0.3505 Tw (the next stage of severity, called \223alcohol abuse.\224 It turned out that 25% of the alcoholics ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD -0.0547 Tc 0.3047 Tw (had resolved their problem, by learning to drink at safe levels or by becoming abstinent, ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (bu) Tj 11.25 0 TD -0.0769 Tc 0.3581 Tw (t more than twice as many of the abusers) Tj 195.75 0 TD 0.043 Tc -0.043 Tw (, or 59%) Tj 41.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD -0.1053 Tc 0.5339 Tw ( had accomplished that in the three ) Tj -251.25 -13.5 TD -0.095 Tc 0 Tw (years.) You can doubtless think of a number of other pros and cons. ) Additionally, it also explains several approaches pertaining to moderation analysis and highlights the key differences between . to build agreement around what achievement of standards looks like and plan the teaching and learning program as assessment. Tj 278.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -299.25 -14.25 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0919 Tc 0.2794 Tw (Usually does not drink ) Tj 111.75 0 TD -0.0664 Tc 0.2914 Tw (for longer than an hour or two on any particular occasion.) A tool for doing that is the ) Tj 270.75 0 TD -0.0606 Tc 0.3106 Tw (diary at the end of this ) Tj -318 -14.25 TD -0.114 Tc 0 Tw (piece) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.0195 Tc -0.3555 Tw (. It gives) Tj 42 0 TD -0.0543 Tc 0.2793 Tw ( interactive feedback and support at each step, plus some ) Tj -164.25 -13.5 TD -0.1204 Tc 0.7204 Tw (added features like a mood tracker.) Ithai Stern, Xin Deng, Guoli Chen, Huasheng Gao. Tj 300.75 0 TD -0.13 Tc 0.5586 Tw ( If you keep working at it, ) Tj -300.75 -13.5 TD -0.0436 Tc 0.3769 Tw (you\222ll get better over time. Tj 72.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -72.75 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 36 0 TD (2) Tj 6 0 TD (. ) Recognize training and development needs. Under health, if your sleep isn\222t good when over) Tj 239.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0829 Tc 0.3829 Tw (drinking, you\222ll probably get a ) Tj -258.75 -13.5 TD -0.055 Tc 0.355 Tw (benefit. Tj 384.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -384.75 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD -0.1035 Tc 0.4785 Tw (Things you can do at home are fine, but if a lot of your over) Tj 287.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.088 Tc 0.088 Tw (drinking has been ) Tj 87.75 0 TD -0.1183 Tc 0.4933 Tw (at home, ) Tj -379.5 -13.5 TD -0.0479 Tc 0.3604 Tw (it\222s obviously good to find activities that get you out of the hou) Tj 303 0 TD -0.0389 Tc 0.1889 Tw (se. In) Tj 77.25 0 TD 0 Tc -0.75 Tw (cluding ) Tj -380.25 -13.5 TD -0.4365 Tc 0 Tw (your) Tj 21 0 TD -0.0789 Tc 0.3289 Tw ( key trigger situations) Tj 104.25 0 TD -0.0617 Tc 0.3295 Tw ( is good. Tj 52.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -52.5 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD 0.084 Tc (Th) Tj 12.75 0 TD 0.0311 Tc 0.3439 Tw (e moderate drinker:) Tj 93.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -88.5 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -15 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0728 Tc 0.0728 Tw (Usually d) Tj 45.75 0 TD -0.0383 Tc 0.2258 Tw (oes not exceed the 0.055%) Tj 128.25 0 TD -0.0405 Tc 0.3405 Tw ( blood alcohol concentration drinking limit.) Tj 30 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0.411 Tw (Thinking about t) Tj 80.25 0 TD -0.249 Tc 0.249 Tw (hose ) Tj 24 0 TD -0.0362 Tc 0.0362 Tw (other situations can show you ) Tj -287.25 -13.5 TD -0.0823 Tc 0.4232 Tw (the behaviors and feelings you already have that go with moderate drinking.) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0.362 Tc (You) Tj 20.25 0 TD -0.056 Tc (\222ll) Tj 10.5 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.123 Tc 0.123 Tw (take ) Tj -376.5 -14.25 TD 0.2325 Tc 0 Tw (away) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.0579 Tc 0.3579 Tw ( some mental snapshots of behaviors you\222d especially like to avoid.) Tj 42 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -321.75 -15 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0668 Tc 0.3168 Tw (Feels comfortable with his or her use of alcohol \(never drinks secretly and does not ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.0393 Tc 0.1756 Tw (spend a lot of time thinking about drinking or planning to drink) Tj 303.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (\)) Tj 3.75 0 TD 0 Tc (. ) Tj 90 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -108 -14.25 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.097 Tc 0.097 Tw (You\222ll ) Tj 33.75 0 TD -0.0927 Tc 0.5927 Tw (see while cold sober how people reall) Tj 180.75 0 TD -0.0946 Tc 0.3446 Tw (y act while over) Tj 76.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.0728 Tc (drinking) Tj 40.5 0 TD 0 Tc (.) Tj 82.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -132 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD -0.0948 Tc 0.5233 Tw (The listing of benefits you expect from moderation may have some surprises on the ) Tj 404.25 0 TD 0.028 Tc 0 Tw (upside) Tj 30.75 0 TD 0 Tc (. ) Tj 70.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -70.5 -14.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.072 Tc 0.822 Tw (\223Confrontation\224 involves) Tj 120.75 0 TD -0.0808 Tc 0.4899 Tw ( recognizing that you\222ve got a drinking urge, and focusing your ) Tj -120.75 -13.5 TD 0.0682 Tc -0.0682 Tw (attention on) Tj 56.25 0 TD -0.1989 Tc 0.6989 Tw ( dealing with it) Tj 72.75 0 TD 0.027 Tc 0.223 Tw (. The Link Between PTSD and Substance Abuse About PTSD and substance abuse Abstinen) Tj 121.5 0 TD -0.0288 Tc 0.1788 Tw (ce restores your sensitivity to alco) Tj 164.25 0 TD -0.2036 Tc 0.6536 Tw (hol, so that less is ) Tj -285.75 -13.5 TD -0.2254 Tc 0 Tw (enough.) Tj 266.25 0 TD -0.194 Tc 0.569 Tw (You\222ll get ) Tj -387.75 -13.5 TD -0.0671 Tc 0.4004 Tw (direct experience of abstinence if you do the recommended 30) Tj 298.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.013 Tc 0.763 Tw (day non) Tj 37.5 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0052 Tc 0.0052 Tw (drinking period. ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.291 Tc 0.291 Tw ( It) Tj 9.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -426 -13.5 TD -0.1968 Tc 0.1968 Tw (can be) Tj 30 0 TD -0.0294 Tc 0.2794 Tw ( hard to get started, but there are a number of big benefits:) Tj 279 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -309 -14.25 TD ( ) Tj 18 -14.25 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0833 Tc 0.3512 Tw (You may well feel demoralized by your lack of control over drinking, and feel ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD -0.0645 Tc 0.3145 Tw (powerless relative to your drinking habit. So ) Tj 147.75 0 TD -0.2844 Tc 0 Tw (think) Tj 24 0 TD 0.0672 Tc -0.0672 Tw ( about) Tj 30 0 TD -0.12 Tc 0.12 Tw ( area) Tj 23.25 0 TD -0.168 Tc 0 Tw (s) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.096 Tc -0.096 Tw ( such as:) Tj 41.25 0 TD -0.0639 Tc 0.5139 Tw ( your inner feelings, relationships ) Tj -270.75 -14.25 TD -0.0129 Tc 0.2629 Tw (with others, work issu) Tj 105.75 0 TD -0.0972 Tc 0.6329 Tw (es, physical health, your finances, any legal issues) Tj 240 0 TD -0.082 Tc 0.382 Tw (, and spare time or ) Tj -345.75 -13.5 TD -0.0754 Tc 0.4254 Tw (recreation. Tj 91.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -376.5 -14.25 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0354 Tc 0.0354 Tw (Heed the \223stop\224 signal) Tj 111 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0944 Tc 0.4158 Tw (, that feeling that you\222ve \223had enough.\224 ) Tj 192.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -339.75 -14.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.117 Tc 0.492 Tw (During your \22330\224 you can rehearse ) Tj 171 0 TD -0.138 Tc 0.138 Tw (the ) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0259 Tc 0.0259 Tw (use of these control skills by thinking ahead) Tj 210 0 TD -0.138 Tc 0.388 Tw ( to a ) Tj -399 -14.25 TD -0.0738 Tc 0.3238 Tw (typical drinking situation you might be ) Tj 189.75 0 TD -0.168 Tc 0 Tw (in) Tj 9 0 TD -0.2148 Tc 0.9648 Tw ( later) Tj 24 0 TD -0.128 Tc 0.878 Tw (. It's a new approach to alcohol mindfulness. Tj -230.25 -13.5 TD -0.0578 Tc 0 Tw (www.secularsobriety.org.) Tj 40.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -58.5 -14.25 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.114 Tc 0.489 Tw (Usually has friends who a) Tj 124.5 0 TD -0.0237 Tc 0.3987 Tw (re moderate drinkers or non) Tj 132.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.036 Tc (drinkers.) Tj 164.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -164.25 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.0487 Tc 0.0487 Tw (Your Drinking Rules) Tj ET 86.25 666.75 100.5 0.75 re f BT 186.75 669 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -100.5 -14.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.026 Tc -0.724 Tw (Now ) Tj 26.25 0 TD -0.1031 Tc 0.5531 Tw (that you\222ve figured out your over) Tj 159 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1042 Tc 0.5729 Tw (drinking triggers and how to manage them, it\222s ) Tj -189.75 -14.25 TD -0.0955 Tc 0.3872 Tw (time to set down a list that will be a big part of your life going forward. A pace) Tj 66.75 0 TD -0.0408 Tc 0.2908 Tw ( of not more than one drin) Tj 125.25 0 TD -0.1115 Tc 0.54 Tw (k per half hour helps with that. ) Moderation group randomly selects a sample from each group and reviews scripts. One good technique for dealing with the ) Tj 285 0 TD -0.078 Tc 0 Tw (\223) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0984 Tc (alone) Tj 27 0 TD -0.078 Tc (\224) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.1767 Tc 0.6767 Tw ( times is to fill those ) Tj -321 -14.25 TD -0.0354 Tc 0.0354 Tw (times with activities) Tj 96 0 TD 0.0075 Tc 0.3675 Tw ( \(we\222ll discuss the importan) Tj 133.5 0 TD 0.2745 Tc -0.2745 Tw (ce of) Tj 23.25 0 TD 0.25 Tc 0.5 Tw ( non) Tj 21 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.022 Tc 0.172 Tw (drinking interests shortly\), so as ) Tj -278.25 -13.5 TD -0.0791 Tc 0.3879 Tw (to distract yourself. Tj 20.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -390 -14.25 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.0261 Tc 0.3261 Tw (Control skills for drinking situations include:) Tj 216 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -216 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 18 -15 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F2 12 Tf -0.0996 Tc 0 Tw (Measuring,) Tj 54 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0584 Tc 0.4334 Tw ( since drinking guidelines are in numbers of standard) Tj 255 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.055 Tc 0.055 Tw (sized drinks.) Under \223Live Meetings\224 on the home page is a listing a face) Tj 378.75 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.168 Tc (to) Tj 9 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.3075 Tc 0.3075 Tw (face ) Tj -397.5 -14.25 TD -0.1191 Tc 0.4191 Tw (meetings in a few areas. ) BT 86.25 39 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf -0.0492 Tc 0.1742 Tw (Guide to Moderation Management Steps of Change) Tj ET 86.25 36.75 248.25 0.75 re f BT 334.5 39 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 186.75 0 TD (1) Tj 6 0 TD ( ) Tj -353.25 684.75 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0185 Tc 0.0185 Tw (Guide to Moderation Management Steps of Change) Tj ET 174 720.75 264 1.5 re f BT 438 723.75 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -351.75 -13.5 TD /F0 12 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD 0.056 Tc (Introduction) Tj ET 86.25 693.75 58.5 0.75 re f BT 144.75 696 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj -58.5 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.123 Tc (Ma) Tj 15.75 0 TD -0.0238 Tc 0.2738 Tw (ny of the people who look into MM have already) Tj 235.5 0 TD -0.0716 Tc 0.0716 Tw ( tried to get rid of ) Tj 87.75 0 TD -0.3492 Tc 0 Tw (their) Tj 21 0 TD 0.0728 Tc -0.0728 Tw ( drinking ) Tj -360 -14.25 TD -0.0919 Tc 0.2794 Tw (problem with a big, all) Tj 108 0 TD -0.246 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.207 Tc (at) Tj 8.25 0 TD -0.246 Tc (-) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0.058 Tc -0.058 Tw (once effort of) Tj 65.25 0 TD -0.1551 Tc 0.4051 Tw ( the will ) Tj 42 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj 6 0 TD 0.028 Tc -0.028 Tw ( but without success.) Tj 136.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -194.25 -15 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.27 Tc (\267) Tj 5.25 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc -0.336 Tw ( ) Tj 12.75 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.1614 Tc 0.4614 Tw (You\222ll learn how to say ) Tj 116.25 0 TD -0.078 Tc 0 Tw (\223) Tj 5.25 0 TD -0.75 Tc (no) Tj 12 0 TD -0.078 Tc (\224) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0671 Tc 0.5671 Tw ( to alcohol. Tj 239.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -239.25 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.5 TD -0.1209 Tc 0.5495 Tw (If you\222re passed the severity test for ) Tj 175.5 0 TD -0.153 Tc -0.597 Tw (trying ) Tj 31.5 0 TD -0.1567 Tc 0 Tw (moderatio) Tj 48.75 0 TD -0.0518 Tc 0.8018 Tw (n, you may) Tj 53.25 0 TD 0.042 Tc -0.042 Tw ( also) Tj 22.5 0 TD -0.1052 Tc 0.3552 Tw ( want to look at the ) Tj -331.5 -14.25 TD -0.1035 Tc 0.1035 Tw (various p) Tj 43.5 0 TD -0.0738 Tc 0.0738 Tw (ros and cons) Tj 60 0 TD 0.627 Tc -0.627 Tw ( of) Tj 12.75 0 TD 0.4785 Tc -0.4785 Tw ( both) Tj 24.75 0 TD -0.066 Tc 0.066 Tw ( moderation ) Tj 60.75 0 TD -0.276 Tc 0 Tw (and) Tj 17.25 0 TD 0.1098 Tc -0.1098 Tw ( abstinence) Tj 54 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 0 -13.5 TD 0.039 Tc 0 Tw (So) Tj 12.75 0 TD -0.0885 Tc 0.3385 Tw ( you wind up with a set of control skills) Tj 189.75 0 TD -0.0024 Tc 0.2167 Tw ( that really suits you as an individual) Tj 176.25 0 TD 0.474 Tc -0.474 Tw (, an) Tj 17.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (d ) Tj -396 -14.25 TD -0.0843 Tc 0.6843 Tw (supports a healthier, more rewarding lifestyle) Tj 217.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (. ) You might, for instance, telephone a friend, go for a ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD 0.306 Tc 0 Tw (dri) Tj 13.5 0 TD -0.0501 Tc 0.1438 Tw (ve, do some housework, or any other positive activity.) BT 86.25 39 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf -0.0492 Tc 0.1742 Tw (Guide to Moderation Management Steps of Change) Tj ET 86.25 36.75 248.25 0.75 re f BT 334.5 39 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 186.75 0 TD (4) Tj 6 0 TD ( ) Tj -441 684.75 TD 0.029 Tc -0.029 Tw (Your Choice of) Tj 74.25 0 TD 0.0011 Tc -0.0011 Tw ( Moderation or Abstinence) Tj ET 86.25 721.5 203.25 0.75 re f BT 289.5 723.75 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -203.25 -13.5 TD ( ) Tj 0 -14.25 TD -0.1158 Tc 0.6158 Tw (A critical factor fo) Tj 88.5 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0.4481 Tw (r your chance) Tj 65.25 0 TD -0.026 Tc 0.026 Tw ( of success) Tj 52.5 0 TD -0.1836 Tc 0 Tw (fully) Tj 21.75 0 TD 0.105 Tc 0.645 Tw ( moderati) Tj 46.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (ng) Tj 11.25 0 TD -0.1001 Tc 0.4215 Tw ( is the severity of your ) Tj -285.75 -13.5 TD -0.2183 Tc 0 Tw (problem.)
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