Mol Biol Evol 2004; 21: 16731682. In Europe, M81 is most common in Portugal (8%), Spain (4%), as well as in France (0-6%) and Italy (0-4%), where strong regional variations are observed. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994. What is even more surprising is that these subclades do not show any consistent geographic pattern. Under the latter no less than eight subclades have been identified at present: A930, A2227, CTS12227, FGC22844, PF2578, PF6794, MZ99 and Z5009. Z830, M310.1's brother clade, is almost exclusively Middle Eastern. Pakendorf et al7 identify and provide evidence of greater complexity in the process of the EBSP as suggested by Alves et al33 and Montano et al.34. It might be linked to the expansion of the Kura-Araxes culture from the southern Caucasus to Anatolia and Iran. Newman JL : The Peopling of Africa: A Geographic Interpretation. Correspondence to The major finding of these studies was that genetic distances (FST) among all EBSP groups are much less than the average FST among West-African and Nilo-Saharan groups, indicating a considerable level of homogeneity among EBSP groups. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. Cruciani et al. (E1b1a) and E-M215 (E1b1b), with V38/V100 joining the two previously separated lineages E-M2 (former E1b1a) and E-M329 (former E1b1c). Our analysis of NRY from groups over a wide geographic area is consistent with both these conclusions. Its main subclade E-M34 most probably emerged in the Levant about 15,000 years ago. E-M2 has several subclades, but many of these subhaplogroups are included in either E-L485 or E-U175. But the history of the region is so complex that there might be many separate branches of E-V13 that each came with a different invasion (e.g. Mitochondrial, Y-chromosome and autosomal DNA analyses have been carried out in attempts to understand the demographic events that have taken place. This includes some E1b1b subclades like V22 (12,000 years old) and V32 (10,000 years old), but also undeniably Near Eastern lineages like T1a-CTS2214 and J1-L136. Due to the scarcity of full genomic sequences available from the Balkans, it is not yet clear when E-V13 expanded in that region. . It was first reported in a person from the Gambia.[76]. (2011) significantly redefined the E-V38 phylogenetic tree. Nat Genet 2000; 26: 358361. Soon afterwards, M34 split into two branches, M84 and Z841, which were probably found in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. [e], E1b1a1a1h is defined by markers P268 and P269. J Afr Hist 1995; 36: 173195. The testing of ancient DNA from the Natufian culture (Mesolithic Levant) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levant confirmed a high incidence of haplogroup E1b1b in that region. An Indo-European dispersal of V13 subclades would not only explain why E-V13 is present in places like Finland, northwest Russia or Siberia, where Neolithic farmers had a negligible impact, but also why E-V13 is so conspicuously lacking from the Basque country and (central) Sardinia, the two regions of Europe with the highest Neolithic ancestry. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Ansari Pour, N., Plaster, C. & Bradman, N. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern expansion of the Bantu-speaking people. LeBrok. [25] Lima was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4671 and L3b3. E1b1b used to be E3b, but always is E-M215 or E-M35. Excoffier L, Pellegrini A, Langaney A : Genetics and history of sub-Saharan Africa. The making of the African mtDNA landscape. Hum Genet 2005; 117: 366375. 2002 ). (2007) suggests that E-M78, E1b1b predominant subclade in Egypt, originated in "Northeastern Africa", with a corridor for bidirectional migrations between northeastern and eastern Africa (at least 2 episodes between 23.9-17.3 ky and 18.0-5.9 ky ago), trans-Mediterranean migrations directly from northern Africa to Europe (mainly in [25] Lisa was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-Z6020 and H100. We conclude that analysis of NRY in 43 widely distributed population groups from across sub-Saharan Africa provides evidence of multiple expansions from West Africa along the western and eastern routes and a late specifically eastern expansion at some time during the past two millennia during a period in which male-mediated gene flow from East-Central to West-Central Africa does not appear to have taken place, at least to any significant extent. 438=10 is a normal value. The E1b1b1a lineage is identified by the presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation on the Y chromosome, which . The basal node E-L485* appears to be somewhat uncommon but has not been sufficiently tested in large populations. The clade has been found at low frequencies in West Asia. Remains found in modern day Israel were analysed and confirmed to carry this haplogroup, dating as far back as the Natufian culture - a peoples living in the Levant (Eastern Mediterranean area of Western Asia . Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA : Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. Hum Genet 1999; 105: 577581. Since R1a-CTS1211 is not originally Germanic, it is likely that the Goths also brought a small but noticeable percentage of assimilated lineages from the Balkans, including E-V13 and J2b1 (I2a1b-CTS10228 would have come later from the East Slavic migrations from Ukraine during the Early Middle Ages, hence its absence from Italy, apart from a few coastal areas facing the Adriatic Sea). Attempts were made to identify genetic relationships among EBSP groups in the context of Africa as a whole10, 11 (also see Supplementary Figure S112). He belonged to the subclade E-M34. Visual representation of the distribution of E1b1a component haplogroups in sub-Saharan African groups with sample totals. This era, which ended in a large-scale civilization collapse across this region ( Cline, 2014 ), shaped later periods both demographically and culturally. Therefore this lineage could actually have emerged a few centuries earlier, during the Phoenician/Carthaginian period. [30][38] However, the discovery in 2011 of the E-M2 marker that predates E-M2 has led Trombetta et al. These are to date the oldest known E1b1b individuals. Previously collected buccal-swab DNA samples from ethnic groups across sub-Saharan Africa were extracted by the standard phenol-chloroform method. Coelho M, Sequeira F, Luiselli D, Beleza S, Rocha J : On the edge of Bantu expansions: mtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola. Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly known as E3b) represents the last major direct migration from Africa into Europe. At present the most consistent explanation is that E-V13 developed from E-M78 in Central or Eastern Europe during the Neolithic period, and was assimilated by the R1a and R1b Proto-Indo-Europeans around the time that they were leaving the Pontic Steppe to invade the rest of Europe. found similarly low frequencies of basal E-U175* in subjects in the Ivory Coast and Benin. Article Distribution of haplogroup E-M81 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. Google Scholar. R1b tribes invaded the Balkans, the southern half of Central Europe, and joined up with Corded Ware people in what is now Germany, the Czech Republic and western Poland. (2011) only found one out of 505 tested African subjects who was U175 positive but negative for U209. The EBSP six-STR haplotype was modal in 36 out of the 43 groups (see Supplementary Table S3) and was almost always a member of E1b1a8 (frequency of 96.4%, P<0.0001). E1b1a and E1b1b-V22 tend to have lower values for this STR compared to other E1b1b haplogroups, but still the reported value is very rare in any of these haplogroups, and it looks like another suspicious STR value. E-M2 is primarily distributed within sub-Saharan Africa. Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. Nowadays, the FGC18412 (aka Y5412) clade is the main variety of M123 found in Europe. This is a remarkably fast expansion that would have required a male line of considerable wealth and influence within the Roman Republic/Empire, and therefore probably a family of rich patricians or even a Roman emperor, not necessarily of Roman descent himself. The third are the Goths. The eastern advance of the Corded Ware culture eventually gave rise to the Sintashta culture in the Ural region, which is the ancestral culture of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-Europeans. Only two other haplogroups exceeded 5% of the total: BT* (xDE,KT) (7.5%) and E* (xE1b1a) (5.1%). Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. Was E-V13 a major lineage of Hallstatt Celts and Italics? The haplogroup E1b1a-M2 (and its sub-lineages) is widely spread in Africa and highly prevalent in all Bantu sub-Saharan populations, with frequencies above 80% in most populations 39, 40,46,47 .. Hum Biol 2011; 83: 1338. A few isolated occurrences of E-M2 have also been observed among populations in Southern Europe, such as Croatia, Malta, Spain and Portugal.[49][50][51][52]. These 2 haplogroups cover ancient Israelites 31-07-17, 19:20 #11. Sample sizes are indicated within the pie charts. Consequently, the haplogroup is often observed in the United States populations in men who self-identify as African Americans. Considering the Y haplogroup composition in our Dominican sample, we can note that the clades frequently observed in the Sahel are usually rare or absent. For many years the vast majority of academics have assumed that E-V13 and other E1b1b lineages came to the Balkans from the southern Levant via Anatolia during the Neolithic, and that the high frequency of E-V13 was caused by a founder effect among the colonisers. Chapter and Ancient East, West and North Germanics had different Y-DNA lineages). In Anatolia, E-V13 is found mostly in the western third of the country, the region that used to belong to ancient Greece. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures. Cereal farming may therefore trace its roots (literally) to the E1b1b tribes of the Mesolithic Levant. This indicates that a single man may have had nine sons who went on to have numerous children of their own. Haplogroup E-V68, also known as E1b1b1a, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup found in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia and Europe.It is a subclade of the larger and older haplogroup, known as E1b1b or E-M215 (also roughly equivalent to E-M35). mtDNA variability in two Bantu-speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub-Saharan Africa. They note that in studies to date, Eastern African groups are greatly underrepresented but essential for investigating the direction of expansion. ISSN 1476-5438 (online) The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations. Y chromosomes traveling south: the cohen modal haplotype and the origins of the Lemba the Black Jews of Southern Africa. Southern Neolithic route brought Megaliths from the Levant to Western Europe, Y-DNA samples tested from Neolithic Europe. Further support for the EBSP origin from the Nigeria/Cameroon area comes from the observation that E1b1a component-haplogroup STR diversities are greater in West Africa than in either West-Central or East-Central Africa (Table 2). Distribution of haplogroup E-V13 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. You should learn them by the mutations because the letters change, the mutations don't. E1b1a used to be E3a, but always was E-M2. In this study, we analysed unique event polymorphism and short tandem repeat variation in non-recombining Y-chromosome haplogroups contained within the E1b1a haplogroup, which is exclusive to individuals of recent African ancestry, in a large, geographically widely distributed, set of sub-Saharan Africans (groups=43, n=2757), all of whom, except one Nilo-Saharan-speaking group, spoke a Niger-Congo language and most a Bantu tongue. [69] This is the modal haplotype of STR markers that is common in carriers of E-U175. The Moors also conquered Sicily. Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 4362. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71: 10821111. de Filippo C, Barbieri C, Whitten M et al. Or it may have left Africa and became E1b1b after admixture with West Asians. Rare deep-rooting Y chromosome lineages in humans: lessons for phylogeography. The outer and two inner fragments were amplified in a 10-l reaction volume containing 1l (1ng) of template DNA, 1.6l (50uM) dNTPs, 9.3nM TaqStart monoclonal antibody (BD Biosciences Clontech, Oxford, UK), 0.13U of Taq polymerase (HT Biotech, Cambridge, UK) and outer and inner primers (see Supplementary Table S2 for primer details). Where collections from a particular group were made in more than one location, locations are represented by averages of geographic coordinates. e1b1a is Bantu? For comparison, the NRY haplotype diversity treating E1b1a as a single haplogroup ranged from 0.821 to 0.945, with the exception of Anuak who displayed a much lower diversity (h=0.516). Despite this level of diversity, however, there is a high level of similarity between groups.20. PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e16073. Edmonds CA, Lillie AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL : Mutations arising in the wave front of an expanding population. It has been hypothesized that E1b1a, including its subbranch E1b1a7 (defined by M191, and not tested in the present study), arose in west Central Africa and was later taken southward through a demic expansion ( Cruciani et al. The American actor and producer Nicolas Cage (born 1964),has been found to belong to haplogroup E1b1b-M84. Haplogroup E1b1a7 (defined by M191) is modal in most groups in countries from Ghana to Mozambique and only at slightly lower frequency in South African Bantu speakers (33.8% compared with E1b1a8* at 37.8%). That ancestor would have lived about 4,100 years ago, during the Bronze Age. After that the expansion is thought to have taken two directions with one wave moving along the south-western coast (West-Bantu route) and the other moving further east, forming the eastern Bantu core by 3000 years before present (YBP). The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. Detection of numerous Y chromosome biallelic polymorphisms by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Abingdon: Garland Science, 2004. Genome Res 1997; 7: 9961005. Klopfstein S, Currat M, Excoffier L : The fate of mutations surfing on the wave of a range expansion.
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